Abstract
Practitioners face several challenges during the root canal treatment of teeth with wide or immature apices, one of which is working length determination. There is relatively little data regarding the value of radiography and electronic apex locator (EAL) use when root formation is incomplete, and supplementary measurement techniques may be helpful. This review considers length determination for canals with wide or completely open apices in permanent and primary teeth. The Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched individually and in combinations to August 2012 using the subject headings ‘working length determination’ and ‘open apex’ and revealed only one article. Further headings, ‘tooth apex’, ‘apical constriction’, ‘resorption’, ‘fora…
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